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HexGF2.CommonIrreducibility

The AES Rijndael modulus over GF(2): X^8 + X^4 + X^3 + X + 1.

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    Rabin certificate for the AES modulus. The pow chain stores X^(2^k) mod aesModulus for k = 0..8; the single Bezout witness covers the unique maximal proper divisor d = 4 of n = 8.

    Both the pow chain and the Bezout witness data are produced from the executable xpow2kMod and xgcd so the certificate doubles as a mechanical recipe. The chain is given as an explicit array literal so kernel reduction (used by decide below) can normalize each entry without going through the well-founded Array.map.

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      The AES Rijndael modulus X^8 + X^4 + X^3 + X + 1 is irreducible over GF(2).

      The degree-4 fixture modulus over GF(2): X^4 + X + 1.

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        Rabin certificate for the degree-4 fixture modulus. The unique maximal proper divisor of 4 is 2, so the certificate has one Bezout leg.

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          The degree-4 fixture modulus X^4 + X + 1 is irreducible over GF(2).

          The degree-16 fixture modulus over GF(2): X^16 + X^12 + X^3 + X + 1.

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            Rabin certificate for the degree-16 fixture modulus. The unique maximal proper divisor of 16 is 8, so the certificate has one Bezout leg.

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              The degree-16 fixture modulus X^16 + X^12 + X^3 + X + 1 is irreducible over GF(2).

              The GHASH degree-128 modulus: X^128 + X^7 + X^2 + X + 1.

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                  Quotient witnesses for each GHASH pow-chain squaring step. Entry k certifies pow[k] * pow[k] = pow[k+1] + quotient[k] * ghashModulus.

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                      The GHASH degree-128 modulus X^128 + X^7 + X^2 + X + 1 is irreducible over GF(2).