We define bitvectors. We choose the Fin representation over others for its relative efficiency
(Lean has special support for Nat), alignment with UIntXY types which are also represented
with Fin, and the fact that bitwise operations on Fin are already defined. Some other possible
representations are List Bool, { l : List Bool // l.length = w }, Fin w → Bool.
We define many of the bitvector operations from the
QF_BV logic.
of SMT-LIBv2.
A bitvector of the specified width.
This is represented as the underlying Nat number in both the runtime
and the kernel, inheriting all the special support for Nat.
- ofFin :: (
Interpret a bitvector as a number less than
2^w. O(1), because we useFinas the internal representation of a bitvector.- )
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- instDecidableEqBitVec = BitVec.decEq
The BitVec with value i mod 2^n.
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- BitVec.ofNat n i = { toFin := Fin.ofNat' i ⋯ }
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- BitVec.instOfNat = { ofNat := BitVec.ofNat n i }
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- BitVec.natCastInst = { natCast := BitVec.ofNat w }
Theorem for normalizing the bit vector literal representation.
All empty bitvectors are equal
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Every bitvector of length 0 is equal to nil, i.e., there is only one empty bitvector
Return a bitvector 0 of size n. This is the bitvector with all zero bits.
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- BitVec.zero n = 0#'⋯
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- BitVec.instInhabited = { default := BitVec.zero n }
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- BitVec.instIntCast = { intCast := BitVec.ofInt w }
Notation for bit vector literals. i#n is a shorthand for BitVec.ofNat n i.
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Unexpander for bit vector literals.
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Notation for bit vector literals without truncation. i#'lt is a shorthand for BitVec.ofNatLt i lt.
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Unexpander for bit vector literals without truncation.
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Convert bitvector into a fixed-width hex number.
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- x.toHex = let s := (Nat.toDigits 16 x.toNat).asString; let t := (List.replicate ((n + 3) / 4 - s.length) '0').asString; t ++ s
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- BitVec.instRepr = { reprPrec := fun (a : BitVec n) (x : Nat) => Std.Format.text "0x" ++ Std.Format.text a.toHex ++ Std.Format.text "#" ++ repr n }
Addition for bit vectors. This can be interpreted as either signed or unsigned addition
modulo 2^n.
SMT-Lib name: bvadd.
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- x.add y = BitVec.ofNat n (x.toNat + y.toNat)
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Negation for bit vectors. This can be interpreted as either signed or unsigned negation
modulo 2^n.
SMT-Lib name: bvneg.
Equations
- x.neg = BitVec.ofNat n (2 ^ n - x.toNat)
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Multiplication for bit vectors. This can be interpreted as either signed or unsigned negation
modulo 2^n.
SMT-Lib name: bvmul.
Equations
- x.mul y = BitVec.ofNat n (x.toNat * y.toNat)
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Unsigned division for bit vectors using the
SMT-Lib convention
where division by zero returns the allOnes bitvector.
SMT-Lib name: bvudiv.
Equations
- x.smtUDiv y = if y = 0 then BitVec.allOnes n else x.udiv y
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Signed division for bit vectors using SMTLIB rules for division by zero.
Specifically, smtSDiv x 0 = if x >= 0 then -1 else 1
SMT-Lib name: bvsdiv.
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Remainder for signed division rounding to zero.
SMT_Lib name: bvsrem.
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Fills a bitvector with w copies of the bit b.
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- BitVec.fill w b = bif b then -1 else 0
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Signed less-than for bit vectors.
BitVec.slt 6#4 7 = true
BitVec.slt 7#4 8 = false
SMT-Lib name: bvslt.
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Extraction of bits start to start + len - 1 from a bit vector of size n to yield a
new bitvector of size len. If start + len > n, then the vector will be zero-padded in the
high bits.
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- BitVec.extractLsb' start len a = BitVec.ofNat len (a.toNat >>> start)
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Extraction of bits hi (inclusive) down to lo (inclusive) from a bit vector of size n to
yield a new bitvector of size hi - lo + 1.
SMT-Lib name: extract.
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- BitVec.extractLsb hi lo a = BitVec.extractLsb' lo (hi - lo + 1) a
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A version of zeroExtend that requires a proof, but is a noop.
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- BitVec.zeroExtend' le x = x.toNat#'⋯
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shiftLeftZeroExtend x n returns zeroExtend (w+n) x <<< n without
needing to compute x % 2^(2+n).
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Zero extend vector x of length w by adding zeros in the high bits until it has length v.
If v < w then it truncates the high bits instead.
SMT-Lib name: zero_extend.
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- BitVec.zeroExtend v x = if h : w ≤ v then BitVec.zeroExtend' h x else BitVec.ofNat v x.toNat
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Truncate the high bits of bitvector x of length w, resulting in a vector of length v.
If v > w then it zero-extends the vector instead.
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Sign extend a vector of length w, extending with i additional copies of the most significant
bit in x. If x is an empty vector, then the sign is treated as zero.
SMT-Lib name: sign_extend.
Equations
- BitVec.signExtend v x = BitVec.ofInt v x.toInt
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Bitwise NOT for bit vectors.
~~~(0b0101#4) == 0b1010
SMT-Lib name: bvnot.
Equations
- x.not = BitVec.allOnes n ^^^ x
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- BitVec.instComplement = { complement := BitVec.not }
Left shift for bit vectors. The low bits are filled with zeros. As a numeric operation, this is
equivalent to a * 2^s, modulo 2^n.
SMT-Lib name: bvshl except this operator uses a Nat shift value.
Equations
- a.shiftLeft s = BitVec.ofNat n (a.toNat <<< s)
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- BitVec.instHShiftLeftNat = { hShiftLeft := BitVec.shiftLeft }
(Logical) right shift for bit vectors. The high bits are filled with zeros.
As a numeric operation, this is equivalent to a / 2^s, rounding down.
SMT-Lib name: bvlshr except this operator uses a Nat shift value.
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- BitVec.instHShiftRightNat = { hShiftRight := BitVec.ushiftRight }
Arithmetic right shift for bit vectors. The high bits are filled with the
most-significant bit.
As a numeric operation, this is equivalent to a.toInt >>> s.
SMT-Lib name: bvashr except this operator uses a Nat shift value.
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- a.sshiftRight s = BitVec.ofInt n (a.toInt >>> s)
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Rotate left for bit vectors. All the bits of x are shifted to higher positions, with the top n
bits wrapping around to fill the low bits.
rotateLeft 0b0011#4 3 = 0b1001
SMT-Lib name: rotate_left except this operator uses a Nat shift amount.
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Rotate right for bit vectors. All the bits of x are shifted to lower positions, with the
bottom n bits wrapping around to fill the high bits.
rotateRight 0b01001#5 1 = 0b10100
SMT-Lib name: rotate_right except this operator uses a Nat shift amount.
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Concatenation of bitvectors. This uses the "big endian" convention that the more significant
input is on the left, so 0xAB#8 ++ 0xCD#8 = 0xABCD#16.
SMT-Lib name: concat.
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- msbs.append lsbs = msbs.shiftLeftZeroExtend m ||| BitVec.zeroExtend' ⋯ lsbs
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replicate i x concatenates i copies of x into a new vector of length w*i.
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- BitVec.replicate 0 x = 0
- BitVec.replicate n.succ x = let_fun hEq := ⋯; hEq ▸ (x ++ BitVec.replicate n x)
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Cons and Concat #
We give special names to the operations of adding a single bit to either end of a bitvector.
We follow the precedent of Vector.cons/Vector.concat both for the name, and for the decision
to have the resulting size be n + 1 for both operations (rather than 1 + n, which would be the
result of appending a single bit to the front in the naive implementation).
Prepend a single bit to the front of a bitvector, using big endian order (see append).
That is, the new bit is the most significant bit.
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- BitVec.cons msb lsbs = BitVec.cast ⋯ (BitVec.ofBool msb ++ lsbs)
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We add simp-lemmas that rewrite bitvector operations into the equivalent notation
Converts a list of Bools to a big-endian BitVec.
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- BitVec.ofBoolListBE [] = 0#0
- BitVec.ofBoolListBE (b :: bs) = BitVec.cons b (BitVec.ofBoolListBE bs)
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Converts a list of Bools to a little-endian BitVec.
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- BitVec.ofBoolListLE [] = 0#0
- BitVec.ofBoolListLE (b :: bs) = (BitVec.ofBoolListLE bs).concat b